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CHAPTER III: The Legislations Used by Judges

 
 
 
Firstly: the falsehood of Salafists regarding the term (God's sharia) and the motto (applying God's sharia):
1- Salafists in general (Wahabis and others) typically dare to ascribe falsehoods and lies to God, especially when they call Middle-Ages and modern-age books of fiqh written by their imams, scholars, sheikhs as 'God's sharia'. In the case of Wahabis Sunnite Salafists, they sanctify books of their deities: Malik, Al-Shafei, Ibn Hanbal, Al-Bokhary, Moslem, Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Al-Jawzy, etc. as well as those of the later eras and contemporary times: Ibn Abdul-Wahab, Ibn Baz, Ibn Otheimein, Sayed Sabek, etc. Hence, the arrogant and haughty Salafists have the nerve to ascribe human ideas, notions, fabrications, myths, shocking contradictions, laughter-inducing discrepancies, etc. written in countless volumes to God's sharia. It is as if they assume that God has deputized or given a proxy to their 'holy' imams to speak in His name! Hence, such imams and their followers specialize in attributing lies to God and His Quranic sharia, and this way, they fulfill Quranic miraculous predictions; God tells us in the Quran, before the emergence of Salafists, that the most unjust ones are those who ascribe lies to God and deny and reject His verses: "Who does greater wrong than someone who invents falsehood against God, or says, "It was revealed to me," when nothing was revealed to him, or says, "I will reveal the like of what God revealed"?..." (6:93); "And who does greater wrong than he who fabricates lies and attributes them to God, or calls the truth a lie when it has come to him?..." (29:68); "Who does greater wrong than he who invents lies about God, or denies His revelations?..." (7:37).      
2- Their bold lies continue as they claim that the Salafist views of the ancestors and forefathers represent the Islamic sharia and they carry this motto or banner in public for political reasons. It is foolish of them to insist that their countless books of endless contradictions and myths authored by countless persons are God's sharia, since His sharia legislations are found exclusively in the Quran, the Book He revealed to Muhammad to be conveyed to all humanity. This Salafist big, ancient falsehood has led to the motto in Arab media and politics of (applying God's sharia), and those who raise this motto do not know much about Salafists books, but they raise this motto and banner to gain political advantages. Salafists and others cannot possible define what they mean by sharia nor find its boundaries: Sunnite Salafist sharia are bottomless ocean with no shores. They dare not to say that the real sharia of Islam is the Quranic one applied by Muhammad, because if they acknowledge this fact, they would join Quranists by practicing Quranic ijtihad (i.e., innovative thinking) to deduce laws and rules from the Quranic sharia that suit our modern age and today's changes, conditions, challenges, and circumstances, just as the ways of Quranists. We assert here that Salafists can never do that type of ijtihad and methodically research the Quranic text; the reason: they have no time and no mental faculties to do so, as they dedicate their time and money (financial aid from the KSA) to deceive and brainwash the gullible masses by propaganda and religiosity to gather them around them in an attempt to pressurize and replace the military tyrant (Mubarak) and his regime. Hence, Salafist Wahabi leaders in Egypt are heading and controlling the ignorant masses, and most political analysts in the West and in the Arab world predict that the Wahabis (Salafists + the MB) would be the new rulers of the Arab countries in the future. Those future rulers are too arrogant to accept to learn from Quranists the often-forgotten Quranic facts of Islam. Besides, their political ambitions will be harmed by Quranism; Salafists depend on Wahabism, its the earthly man-made sharia and tenets, and on Saudi financial aid to establish their desired theocratic tyrannical rule while subduing and subjugating people by claiming they represent God's sharia on earth as they apply it. This will enable theocrats to confiscate to themselves all citizens, assets, lands, and all wealth of the country they rule, as if they were ruling in God's name and thus deemed infallible and invincible! Would such Wahabi polytheists who have spent decades shamelessly in manipulating the name of Islam accept to be taught real Islam by Quranists? We do not think so. Let us assert these question here: to what sharia do the Salafists refer? Do they mean the one concocted and formulated by theological scholars in the Abbasid Era? To which doctrine/scholar do they refer? Indeed, Salafist never talk in their propaganda about the huge differences and contradictions among Sunnite doctrines and even within books of the same doctrine in the sharia laws invented by scholars and made 'holy' to avoid criticism by fabricating hadiths ascribed to Muhammad to support such erroneous views. This has led to tens of thousands of hadiths authored within many decades and they contradict one another and no one among Sunnite scholars, past and present, managed to sort and classify hadiths as 'true'/'authenticated' or 'untrue'/'false'. Of course, Quranists never believe in hadiths at all, not even one of them. Sunnite scholars never justified the presence of contradictory hadiths whose text and assumed series of narrators seem faulty. Such disputes and conflicts over hadiths are endless, and this makes Salafist political propaganda about ''applying od's sharia'' vague and nonsensical for they do not know anything about Sunnite sharia or even God's true Quranic sharia. Indeed, scientific research exposes Sunnite sharia as man-made, false, contradictory, and filled with discrepancies and notions that violate the Quranic sharia legislations. This is why Sunnite sharia in the past centuries needed the support of political power and needed to be imposed by force and applied as per whims while protected against any discussion and criticism by claiming it is the 'holy' sharia of God! this is why all Salafist/Wahabi scholars differ and dispute over almost all issues, from circumcision and bank interests to the dress codes and the Gulf war, but they unanimously agree on deeming Quranists as their foes that undermine their authority and influence.                              
3- In a nutshell, the ever-growing and ever-changing sharia of theologians and religious scholars and sheikhs as well as their fabricated hadiths and fiqh reflect the eras in which they were fashioned and they have changed, increased, and modified as per the change of eras, caliphs, whims, etc. Countless fabricators of hadiths  never ceased to produce more hadiths with the passage of time tailored to suit the needs/whims of their age and their caliphs and powerful well-off people, and hadiths accumulated accordingly. For instance, Malik in his book mentions/authors about 1000 hadiths without referring to even a single Quranic verse and he ascribes the concocted fabricated hadiths to Muhammad a century after his death by inventing many series of narrators including the so-called companions of Muhammad who were contemporary to him, to keep criticizing hadiths at bay and urge others not to question hadiths authored by him in his book, titled "Al-Mowata". One century later after Malik, hadiths multiplied exponentially like cancerous cells and reached to hundreds of thousands within the Abbasid Era and filled many volumes and tomes, and then, their number reached millions during the Mameluke Era and many more volumes and tomes have been authored to record them. This fact can be ascertained if  researchers or any readers would compare the books of Ibn Al-Jawzy (died in 597 A.H.) during the last decades of the Abbasid caliphate to those books authored by Al-Siyouti (died in 910 A.H.) during the last decades of the Mameluke Era. Another example is hadiths fabricated by Al-Shafei who invented their series of narrators in his book titled "Al-Oum", and he introduced the sacrilegious notion of making hadiths replace and supplant Quranic sharia legislations. Indeed, any readers of this book of Al-Shafei will easily notice how he contradicts himself; when he was in Iraq, he established his Al-Shafei doctrine, but when he moved to Egypt, he changed mush of his previous doctrine because circumstances and conditions of Egypt differed from that of Iraq even within the same era. If we would imagine a resurrected Al-Shafei from his tomb in Al-Fustat district to roam streets of Cairo now, a city that was built 150 years after his death (not to say he would roam London, Boston, or Tokyo!), what changes he would introduce to his doctrine? We think he would die again of immense surprise and shock! Yet, the backward Salafists and their like-minded people desire to impose on Egyptians (and all Arabs and Muhammadans) the fiqh of Al-Shafei Sunnite doctrine after 12 centuries of his death! This is why the polytheistic Salafist insist on reviving Middle-Ages dress-codes: niqab, hijab, gowns, long beards, and worship of heritage and traditional notions of their deified imams! The main feature of any viable legislative construction is that it must cope with its age and propose solutions to new problems; our modern age has its own issues and problematic areas and Al-Shafei, Ibn Abdul-Wahab, and Sayed Sabek, and other gods of the Sunnite fiqh never knew about such modern-age new problems. Hence, no Sunnite Wahabi or Salafist scholars of today would dare to claim they have ijtihad thinking and solutions to today's problems that suit the fast pace of our modern era, because they have nothing but to sanctify and worship their old books and tomes that reflect the backward, obscurantist Middle-Ages of political tyranny and religious persecution. Indeed, the Muhammadan scholars of today are failures and ignoramuses who meddle in everything and achieve nothing except nauseating and laughter-inducing fatwas like breastfeeding adults and getting medical treatment by urine of camels! Yet, they shamelessly raise the banner of applying God's sharia! They never admit that they follow polytheistic sharia of Satan.                        
4- Moreover, the Salafist sharia legislations of the Middle-Ages were never suitable even to their age; they were concocted and fabricated to serve whims of theocratic tyrants who committed so many grave injustices. Theocracy was dominant in these eras, and it never fits the 20th and 21st centuries that mark the era of the democratic culture and human rights. We have published many articles on our website tackling how Muhammadans tyrannical caliphs applied their fabricated sharia laws as absolutist rulers and caused many grave injustices in the past centuries within the caliphate theocracies, until the Ottoman caliphate ended in 1924. We hope that readers of our writings would learn how that application of the Sunnite sharia causes tyranny and injustices and violates the true Islamic sharia which is found exclusively in the Quran. those who propagate the idea of the application of the Sunnite Wahabi sharia are Wahabi Salafists and MB members by their vague equivocal mottoes within their political propaganda to deceive the masses, and they focus on terrorist Sunnite notions of assassination (i.e., putting 'heretics' to death) and Hisbah (inquisition) to intimidate their secular intellectual and political foes. Let us not forget that terrorists of the Salafist trend managed to assassinate the Egyptian secular thinker Dr. Farag Fouda in Cairo and attempted to assassinate Naguib Mahfouz, among others. another example of their Sunnite terror is in Sudan, where the Wahabi Salafist trend urged president of Sudan Gaafar Al-Nimeiry to put to death the Muslim thinker Mahmoud Muhammad Taha. Of course, Wahabi Sunnite notions are used all the time in the KSA and the Gulf monarchies to justify and cover corruption, tyranny, injustices, immorality, and silly decrees.              
 
Secondly: the potential of achieving justice within Quran-based rule:
  As per the essence of the Quranic sharia of Islam based on upholding justice, the sentences and rulings issued by Muslim judges must underlie the following points.
1- The presence of executive authority that investigated the crime and brought the defendant to be tried, and if found guilty by the judge, this executive authority apply the ruling or the sentence on the guilty party or the culprit. Of course, this executive authority defends and represents society and the defendant is deemed innocent until proven guilty by a neutral judge or his/her name is cleared when found not guilty. Those experts of this executive authority are the ones specializing in investigation, interrogation, and so on.    
2- The presence of defined and detailed legislations within a penal code and civil cases without any vague, convoluted, or equivocal phrases or articles. This is the role of the legislative authority within a given society, with laws issued by experts specialized in that field.
3- The presence of the judicial authority of fair and neutral judges who issue rulings within cases presented to them in court, and those qualified judges apply the articles of laws within the spirit of justice. The judges must have studies the law and trained to apply justice as much as their human capacity would allow; in sum, they must be experts in their specialized field.  
4- The presence of active and interactive free society whose citizens enjoins virtue (higher values of justice, charity, freedom, equality, human rights, etc.) and advise against evil (injustices, corruption, crimes, terrorism, etc.). Such a society has its own civil organizations and entities that monitor both the application of the higher values and combating crimes and violations by offering pieces of advice to experts in the above authorities within media and NOT by direct interference. Such entities must have the power to watch over and check work of experts in all fields; no one is above being questioned or held accountable, within the mechanisms of direct democracy of the civil Quran-based rule.          
  This way, justice can be upheld within the Quran-based rule within a country that applies democracy and human rights. As for Muhammadans of today, who suffer the dominant culture of slaves as well as tyranny and corruption, the above points are within the circle of "what should be done", though application is not impossible and despite the fact that this application embodies the essence of the Quranic sharia whose main value is justice. Indeed, application has been done within West democracies that Salafists deem as going inevitably to Hell.
 
Thirdly: the potential for injustice and corruption within the judicial authority within theocracies/caliphates of the Muhammadans:
1- Tyranny within theocracies has been reflected typically in the posts of judges and how they perform their jobs, and in the Middle-Ages caliphates, judges usually combined between the judicial and legislative authorities at the same time. Within these Middle-Ages caliphates, there was no certain defined law codes agreed upon by all judges and people; judges had tens of contradictory fiqh views regarding one case or issue, and they would choose among them whimsically. This made judges at the time not merely pronouncers of verdicts, but they would be legislators who reach, invent, concoct and issue irrevocable verdicts, as per what is dominant within Middle-Ages theocracies. This means that judges at the time confiscated the legislative and judicial authorities simultaneously, and would choose haphazardly from among tens of contradictory fiqh views, and even if there were rare fair and just judges, the source of injustice stemmed from combining both authorities.          
2- Moreover, during the Mameluke Era, the judicial system grew more complicated and there were many obstacles before fair judges that attempted to uphold justice as much as they could. Legislative authority in place at the time was based on the four Sunnite doctrines, each represented by one judge, apart from local judges in each city (or each district of megacities), without books whatsoever of laws written neatly in them as references. This means that judges were mostly issuing verdicts whimsically as per their (limited or huge) knowledge of the contradictory views, hadiths, and narratives in books of fiqh, and no one would dare to check judges and make them revoke their sentences and rulings at all, even if those judges were in the wrong, because judges were loyal to, and protégés of, tyrannical sultans and caliphs, who in there turn would never watch over the judges or correct their injustices because they needed their adding legitimacy to decrees of caliphs/sultans.      
3- Thus, no caliphs or sultans desired to appoint fair and just judges at all; rather, they preferred loyal ones who served and obeyed them blindly while satisfying every whim and caprice. This was the criterion to appoint judges, and NOT their being erudite, knowledgeable, moralistic, equitable, fair, just, etc. During the Mameluke Era, men used to bribe sultans and their cronies and retinue members to be appointed in the prestigious post of judges. Even Mameluke sultans established a ministry to receive formally such bribes! Of course, judges appointed within such corrupt way would try to get as much money as they could from people coming to court. Such corruption had a veneer of quasi-religious legitimacy within the Sufi-Sunnite sharia. Sadly, injustices used to be justified at the time under the pretext of, and using the name of, God's sharia; it was as if the applied one were God's, and not fabrications and falsehoods authored with the passage of centuries. Sadly again, people ignored at the time the many Quranic verses commanding human beings to adhere to justice and prohibiting injustices. Those repeated verses contain the miraculous prediction of repeated injustices committed within the eras following the time when the Quran was revealed, and thus, these verses would be proof showing deviation and violations of those who discarded God's real and only sharia of justice (the Quranic sharia) to replace it with Satan's sharia of injustices and whims under the banner of great Islam and in the name of God! it makes one furious to remember that those modern-times Salafists have deceived the gullible masses in Egypt and the Arab world by promising a praise on earth once they reach power and revive this Middle-Age sharia of tyranny and injustice that has violated God's sharia and religion and committed grave injustices against peaceful people.     
4- Within the process of modernizing Egypt, codification of laws and Constitution into clear articles was done, and the mission of judges became confined to diligently apply the texts of laws as fairly as possible without having the right to ignore or change certain legal texts. Yet, Salafists of today consider this as 'violation' of God's sharia (i.e., their Sunnite Wahabi sharia they ascribe falsely to God), as they deem Sunnite fiqh myths as 'divine', while overlooking the fact that their 'holy' imams (of the Middle-Ages and until the 20th century) discarded the Quran and ascribed lies to God and His Quranic sharia.      
5- Of course, obscurantist backward Salafists of today, who divide the globe into the camp of peace/belief (Salafist Wahabi world) and the camp of war/disbelief (the West) consider anything coming from the West as 'evil', especially human rights, charters, and democracy. Any West legislations are OK even it is wrong because modifying  them is possible as per public interests as they are human laws and not ascribed to God or made holy in any way, therefore never deemed infallible or unchangeable, and sometimes people in the West discuss, attack, and criticize certain laws and advocate their modification. In contrast, Sunnite sharia legislations are deemed by Sunnites as 'holy' and 'infallible' by virtue of the evil falsehood of ascribing it to God and His Quran, despite the fact that Sunnite sharia legislations flagrantly violate, and are at variance with, the Quranic sharia details, generalities, purposes, rules, methods, etc.         
 
Fourthly: the right of the Muslim society to issue laws:
  This topic has been discussed within lengthy articles of ours published on our website and in forthcoming articles waiting to be published, about discrepancy between Quranic sharia and sharia laws of the Muhammadans (esp. the Sunnite sharia), the prohibited and the permissible in the Quran, and penalties mentioned in the Quran and their application. Hence, we give a brief overview of the right of the Muslim society to issue laws based on our previous writings. 
1- The question is as follows: do Quranic sharia legislations include contradictory jurisprudence? We answer in the negative; of course not: "Do they not ponder the Quran? Had it been from any other than God, they would have found in it much discrepancy." (4:82). The Muhammadans (i.e., Sunnites, Shiites, and Sufis) in their earthly, fabricated, man-made religions have propagated for centuries the falsehood that the Quranic text has many different aspects and layers of meanings and such a falsehood is refuted by us in our previous writings. The spread of this lie allowed them to whimsically select decontextualized Quranic verses to distort their meanings intentionally to serve their purposes while making room for making their fiqh views and fabricated narratives/hadiths replace and supplant other Quranic rules in many verses while deliberately misinterpret some other verses so that their hadith and fiqh traditions would be untouchable part forced and imposed on Islam as a religion and supported overtly by the Quran itself. We have written hundreds of articles on that topic and more hundreds are coming soon to be published on our website.          
2- Another question is as follows: do Quranic sharia legislations resemble the jurisprudence laws issued by the Muhammadan clergymen, religious scholars, and sheikhs, especially that their laws tackle and interfere in almost all minute details and contain many flagrant contradictions? We answer also in the negative; of course not, because verses revealed in Yathreb that contain Quranic sharia legislations are less than 200 verses, which include repeated laws briefed, asserted, and detailed. This leaves ample room for human ijtihad as per changing human conditions so that the Quranic sharia will fit and suit any eras and geographic locations, since one observes and applies the higher values of the Quran: justice, peace, equality, charity, etc.     
3- Giving details about all Quranic sharia legislations and parts of it that leave room for ijtihad (and parts that are not) is a topic of too many details and goes beyond the scope of this book; let us just offer the following brief points to get a glimpse of that topic.
A) There are Quranic sharia legislations that are linked only to the era and locations of 7th century Arabia and dedicated to Muhammad and his household, wives, and his relations  with people around him. these legislations are NOT applicable in our modern age.
B) There are Quranic sharia legislations that are NOT applicable unless within certain conditions and circumstances, which if not present, no one can apply these legislations. For instance, rules about slaves. Slavery is abolished now in the modern world and no longer has a place in the social sphere, though it did not vanish totally from today's world, for it reappears in different guise as we have asserted in our book (in English) titled "Slavery: A Fundamental Historical Overview". Of course, we have proven in that book of ours that the Quranic purpose is to free and liberate male and female slaves, as such social phenomenon was wide spread in the 7th century and in later eras. For example, a single Muslim male cannot possibly apply Quranic sharia laws regarding marriage and divorce.   
C) There are staples and variables in Quranic sharia legislations of self-defense jihad, and this topic entails lots of lengthy articles, but we briefly assert here that the Quran commands us to be peaceful with all peaceful people regardless of their faiths and beliefs (or even lack of any), while allowing legitimate self-defense in cases of being  aggressively attacked, among other teachings and ethics that should be applied regarding dealing with aggressive polytheists. we refer readers to our articles covering that topic.      
D) There are Quranic sharia legislations that do not entail interference of any judicial authority of a given country or State within its laws, as their application is left to the pious ones who are eager to please the Lord God within moralistic levels of charity, within verses revealed in Mecca such as 17:22-39, 25:63, 6:151-153, and 16:90-95 and also in those verses revealed in Yathreb such as 4:36, 2:44-46, 2:83, 2:109, 2: 153, 2:177, and 2:261-274.
E) Of course, there are Quranic sharia legislations that leaves no room whatsoever to add to them or to avoid them in the cases that entail their application, such as about women to whom a man cannot married; see 2:22-24. It is noteworthy that the Sunnite scholars disregarded these verses and added to the legislations inside them the corrupt notion that 2:22-24 apply to female relatives of one's foster-sister (i.e., the female baby breastfed by one's mother and became one's sister accordingly, and one cannot marry her as per the Quranic sharia legislations). Another example of Quranic rules that can never be disregarded or added to is never allowing killing unless in retribution against murderers; yet, Sunnite scholars have violated the Quranic sharia laws when they have commanded putting to death those married fornicators (adulterers and adulteresses), those who rejected Islam, those who committed homosexual acts, etc. Another example are prohibited food items, as one cannot add to them, and yet, Sunnite scholars have violated the Quranic sharia legislations by adding lots of food items that they prohibit for no reason. Ijtihad in such Quranic sharia legislations is absolutely wrong, as they are to be applied as they are.            
F) Some other details of the Quranic sharia legislations entail issuing laws by people to regulate their application as per what is commonly known to be as justice within a given society and social norms, or s per changing social conditions in any era. For instance, in 2:233, Go commands fathers to spend on their babies born to them by their wives; human laws have room to impose this on fathers as per conditions of the era and as per financial status of the fathers, and this applies also in cases of husbands divorcing their wives who delivered babies; as per 65:6. A judge must interfere to regulate money spent on and sent to divorced women. Let us be reminded that Muhammad has been ordered in the Quran to follow norms of society, because they are deemed by its members as just and fair rules: "Be tolerant, and command norms, and avoid the ignorant." (7:199). Hence, issued laws by legislative authority must apply Quranic sharia legislations by regulating rights as per what is deemed to be just as per social norms. 
G) Of course, Quranic commands related to caring for human rights, one's family, rights of people, morals, higher values, etc. are general and focus on prohibited items and acts, which leaves ample room for permissible, lawful, and allowed items, and issuing man-made laws to regulate all these aspects is encouraged within the purpose of justice, facilitation, caring for general interests of citizens, charity, preserving right, avoiding harm, etc. Hence, there is ample room for human legislations within applying God's Quranic sharia and its higher values and purposes. We mean here any new human laws introduced by any legislative authority to help people and never violate or infringe the Quranic sharia legislations and purposes.    
H) As for God's rights, in terms of faith, beliefs, and acts of worship, no one and no State/country is to interfere in them as such aspects are individual responsibility of persons before Almighty God alone, and He is the Only Judge over such affairs on the Day of Judgment. One's spiritual guidance is a personal responsibility and one's choice for one's eternal life. As for the rights of citizens and society, i.e., human rights, it is the responsibility of the State/country, and civil penalties are required in cases of infringement and violations in order to preserve rights of people, such as the right to live, to own and possess assets and money, to preserve one's dignity and honor, to live in peace and safety, etc. Hence, the legislative authority within a society can specify in its penal code penalties for adultery, slander, murder, theft, etc. More details on that topic are found in our previous writings, but we note here that Sunnite scholars, as typically expected from them, have invented penalties never mentioned in the Quran such as stoning to death married fornicators (adulterers and adulteresses), putting to the sword those who rejected 'Islam', flogging wine-drinkers, etc. and such penalties flagrantly violate the Quranic sharia laws.         
  We assert and repeat here that the room available for ijtihad is never to include faith tenets and facts and acts of worship as well as adding to prohibited items in the Quran and to obligations and  duties mentioned in it. in contrast, ijtihad in issuing rules and laws is allowed in any topics/issued never tackled in the Quran but within higher Quranic values and what is deemed as just and fair within social norms. More on that topic on our forthcoming researches and books.  
 
Lastly:
  The Judicial authority within real Islam (Quranism) entails experts in their specialized fields including specialized Quranist experts in the Quranic sharia laws and Quranic higher values and purposes of justice. Hence, institutionalizing and lawmaking here must be discussed in public within Islamic Shura consultation and direct democracy to make people/citizens endorse proposed laws as "Islamic", as per obedience expected from believers to God, His message (the Quran), and experts who care for welfare of society; see 4:59. Experts are NOT tyrants or rulers; they are public servants in public service of society because of their experience in certain fields. Hence, the social contract of Quran-based rule within a given country is based on never disobeying fair measures and laws and never to violate justice and peace, as we infer from this Quranic verse about immigrant women coming to join the Yathreb city-state led by Muhammad: "O prophet! If believing women come to you, pledging allegiance to you, on condition that they will not associate anything with God, nor steal, nor commit adultery, nor kill their children, nor commit perjury as to parenthood, nor disobey you in anything righteous, accept their allegiance and ask God's forgiveness for them. God is Forgiving and Merciful." (60:12). 
 
The Judicial Authority between Islam and the Muhammadans
The Judicial Authority between Islam and the Muhammadans
Authored by: Dr. Ahmed Subhy Mansour
Translated by: Ahmed Fathy


ABOUT THIS BOOK
This book has been authored in 2010, tackling the fact that the judicial authority in any era and state reflects the ruling system if it has been just and fair or tyrannical and unjust. The myth of the ''just tyrant'' is debunked and dispelled in this book. We explore how tyrannical quasi-religious notions of the Muhammadans and their despotic caliphs have rejected the Quranic teachings and caused the failure of all attempts to achieve justice. We discuss the Quranic notion of direct democracy (i.e., Shura consultation) as the ruling system linked directly to just and fair judicial authority.
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