Introduction:

 We conclude then that the Arab conquests companions were among the sinners who did not repent, some were among those who mixed good and bad deeds and never repented, and some whose judgment by God is postponed but they never repented. All of them died without repentance. Let us not forget that among them were those who died s unrepentant sinners and hypocrites who hid their hatred toward Islam and have been rebuked in the Quran due to their allying with aggressive Qorayish in times of enmity with Yathreb believers.

Firstly: Immigrant Companions from the Qorayish Tribe Who Were Still Loyal to Qorayish:

1- In SECTION II, CHAPTER VII, we give details on the crime of most immigrants to Yathreb of forming alliances with their Meccan people who attacked Yathreb because of their animosity toward Islam and early believers, and God has warned such immigrants several times, but they did not heed this warning, like the one in this verse, among the earliest ones revealed in Yathreb: "O you who believe! Do not take My enemies and your enemies for supporters, offering them affection, when they have disbelieved in what has come to you of the Truth. They have expelled the Messenger, and you, because you believed in God, your Lord. If you have mobilized to strive for My cause, seeking My approval, how can you secretly love them? I know what you conceal and what you reveal. Whoever among you does that has strayed from the right way." (60:1). Warnings to hypocrites are repeated elsewhere: "You will not find a people who believe in God and the Last Day, loving those who oppose God and His Messenger, even if they were their parents, or their children, or their siblings, or their close relatives…" (58:22), "O you who believe! Do not befriend those who take your religion in mockery and as a sport, be they from among those who were given the Scripture before you, or the disbelievers. And obey God, if you are believers." (5:57), "Inform the hypocrites that they will have a painful punishment. Those who ally themselves with the disbelievers instead of the believers. Do they seek glory in them? All glory belongs to God." (4:138-139), "O you who believe! Do not befriend disbelievers rather than believers. Do you want to give God a clear case against you? The hypocrites will be in the lowest level of the Fire, and you will find no helper for them." (4:144-145), and "O you who believe! Do not ally yourselves with your parents and your siblings if they prefer disbelief to belief. Whoever of you allies himself with them-these are the wrongdoers. Say, "If your parents, and your children, and your siblings, and your spouses, and your relatives, and the wealth you have acquired, and a business you worry about, and homes you love, are more dear to you than God, and His Messenger, and the struggle in His cause, then wait until God executes His judgment." God does not guide the sinful people." (9:23-24). This indicates that their crime of allying with the enemies among Meccan Qorayish aggressors was repeated even toward the time when the Quranic revelation was about to come to an end, as the Quranic Chapter nine was the last one to be revealed.

2- Shortly before Muhammad died, and within critical conditions, the extremists of Qorayish breached the pledge after conquering Mecca peacefully without a battle and Muhammad was in Mecca at the time. The extremists tried to drive out Muhammad and the believers, but they failed. No historians registered this event; the Quran records this event, otherwise we would not have known it: "Will you not fight a people who violated their oaths, and planned to exile the Messenger, and initiated hostilities against you? Do you fear them? It is God you should fear, if you are believers." (9:13). Thus, polytheists of Mecca readily raised arms against Muhammad and believers in the Kaabah shrine, violating the pledge of peace, but God saved Muhammad from such a plot.

3- Once Muhammad died, it was the opportunity of those companions who retained their alliance with their Qorayish people and against Islam and Muhammad to emerge. All Meccan people of Qorayish who were in Mecca and in Yathreb reunited, most of them had feigned conversion to Islam, especially the Meccan leaders among the Umayyad family. The Arab conquests were their seized opportunity to lead all Arabs under the banner of Qorayish, to prepare for the return of the old Qorayish dominance that felt animosity toward Islam, especially the Umayyad family. Half a century later, the Umayyad Dynasty ruled most of the territories of the ancient world beginning with the very first Umayyad ruler: Mu'aweiya Ibn Abou Sufyan.       

Secondly: Immigrant Companions from the Qorayish Tribe Who Were Non-Repentant Disobedient Sinners:

 God has rebuked and reproached the disobedient immigrants to Yathreb after the Battle of Badr: "O you who believe! Obey God and His Messenger, and do not turn away from him when you hear. And be not like those who say, "We hear," when they do not hear." (8:20-21). This indicates that many of them were disobedient to God and to Muhammad: "The worst of animals to God are the deaf and dumb-those who do not reason. Had God recognized any good in them, He would have made them hear; and had He made them hear, they would have turned away defiantly. O you who believe! Respond to God and to the Messenger when He calls you to what will revive you. And know that God stands between a man and his heart, and that to Him you will be gathered. And beware of discord which does not afflict the wrongdoers among you exclusively; and know that God is severe in retribution." (8:22-25). And then God has reminded them how they were weak in Mecca and how they were sheltered in Yathreb by His Grace: "And remember when you were few, oppressed in the land, fearing that people may capture you; but He sheltered you, and supported you with His victory, and provided you with good things-so that you may be thankful." (8:26). Yet, they betrayed God and His messenger, after the battle of Badr, and those who did not repent were, in our opinion, the companions who committed the crime of Arab conquests. "O you who believe! Do not betray God and the Messenger, nor betray your trusts, while you know." (8:27).

Thirdly: Various Non-Repentant Companions:

1- Among them those who harmed Muhammad, mentioned in the following verses: "Those who insult God and His Messenger, God has cursed them in this life and in the Hereafter, and has prepared for them a demeaning punishment. Those who harm believing men and believing women, for acts they did not commit, bear the burden of perjury and a flagrant sin." (33:57-58), "O you who believe! Do not be like those who abused Moses; but God cleared him of what they said. He was distinguished with God. " (33:69), and "And among them are those who insult the Prophet, and say, "He is all ears." Say, "He listens for your own good. He believes in God, and trusts the believers, and is mercy for those of you who believe." Those who insult the Messenger of God will have a painful penalty. They swear to you by God to please you. But it is more proper for them to please God and His Messenger, if they are believers. " (9:61-62).

2- Among them were those with weak faith who cooperated with the hypocrites by rumormongering when Yathreb was sieged by the military forces of Qorayish, and God has warned them against punishment: "If the hypocrites, and those with sickness in their hearts, and the rumormongers in the City, do not desist, We will incite you against them; then they will not be your neighbors there except for a short while. They are cursed; wherever they are found, they should be captured and killed outright." (33:60-61).  

3- Among them were rude fellows who tried to add to God's sharia (as done by Al-Khawarij later on), never respected Muhammad, and raised their voice in his presence: "O you who believe! Do not place your opinions above that of God and His Messenger, and fear God. God is Hearing and Knowing. O you who believe! Do not raise your voices above the voice of the Prophet, and do not speak loudly to him, as you speak loudly to one another, lest your works be in vain without you realizing. Those who lower their voices before God's Messenger-those are they whose hearts God has tested for piety. They will have forgiveness and a great reward. Those who call you from behind the chambers-most of them do not understand. Had they remained patient until you came out to them, it would have been better for them. But God is Forgiving and Merciful." (49:1-5).

4- Among them were those who felt lazy and were reluctant to perform Friday congregational prayers, as they were busy in their trade and merrymaking: "O you who believe! When the call is made for prayer on Congregation Day, hasten to the remembrance of God, and drop all business. That is better for you, if you only knew. Then, when the prayer is concluded, disperse through the land, and seek God's bounty, and remember God much, so that you may prosper. Yet whenever they come across some business, or some entertainment, they scramble towards it, and leave you standing. Say, "What is with God is better than entertainment and business; and God is the Best of providers."" (62:9-11).

5- Among them those who renege on their promises and words, and God has rejected such an attitude: "O you who believe! Why do you say what you do not do? It is most hateful to God that you say what you do not do." (61:2-3).

6- Such companions and their likes have been advised in the Quran several times to repent and waned against Hell: "O you who believe! Protect yourselves and your families from a Fire, whose fuel is people and stones. Over it are angels, fierce and powerful. They never disobey God in anything He commands them, and they carry out whatever they are commanded. O you who disbelieved! Make no excuses today. You are being repaid for what you used to do. O you who believe! Repent to God with sincere repentance. Perhaps your Lord will remit your sins…" (66:6-8). It is most probably that those who never repented and outlived Muhammad were the ones who participated in the crime called Arab conquests.

Fourthly: Repentance is the Criterion, and Arab Conquests Companions Never Repented:

1- Repentance is the criterion here, and that is why God has postponed the judgment on some of the so-called companions until they either sincerely repent or go on sinning until death; see 9:106. Those who never repented will be among those on the Left in the Last Day, among Hell dwellers, with angels of death telling them about their fate: "But if he is one of the deniers, the mistaken, then a welcome of Inferno and a burning in Hell" (56:92-94). "And those on the Left – what of those on the Left? Amid searing wind and boiling water and a shadow of thick smoke, neither cool nor refreshing" (56:41-44).

2- Real repentance has two features: 1) returning what is due to the rightful owners and satisfying them and making them content and asking their pardon in public, and 2) renewing one's faith and doing as many good deeds and charitable acts as on can. Hence, repentance is to deal justly and peacefully with people and worship God devoutly and sincerely in piety. Repentance is specially urged for those who mixed bad deeds with good ones: "Say, "Work. God will see your work, and so will His Messenger, and the believers. Then you will be returned to the Knower of secrets and declarations, and He will inform you of what you used to do."" (9:105), and repentance should be announced in public, and its sincerity is judged by God in the Last Day, as some hypocrites tried to deceive Muhammad and the early believers, but God has exposed them: "They present excuses to you when you return to them. Say, "Do not offer excuses; we do not trust you; God has informed us of you. And God will watch your actions, and so will the Messenger; then you will be returned to the Knower of the Invisible and the Visible, and He will inform you of what you used to do."" (9:94). Trust should come via good deeds deemed acceptable to God, Who will judge us all in the Last Day, especially judging the sincerity of repentance and whether it is for the sake of God or for the purpose of deceit. This repentance of the heart is for God to judge, not for other human beings. Hence, real repentant believers should keep asking pardon and supplicating for God's mercy and renewing their faith by starting new life in purity and devoutness to make up or the time lost from one's life in sin, by doing good deeds to omit the bad ones. Those who committed the sins of killing, fornication, and polytheism can repent within the two levels required for true acceptable repentance: "And those who do not implore besides God any other god, and do not kill the soul which God has made sacred-except in the pursuit of justice-and do not commit adultery. Whoever does that will face penalties. The punishment will be doubled for him on the Day of Resurrection, and he will dwell therein in humiliation forever. Except for those who repent, and believe, and do good deeds. These-God will replace their bad deeds with good deeds. God is ever Forgiving and Merciful." (25:68-70). Repentance within one's heart is directly linked to renewing faith and doing many good deeds and charity: "Except for those who repent, and believe, and act righteously. These will enter Paradise, and will not be wronged in the least. The Gardens of Eden, promised by the Most Merciful to His servants in the Unseen. His promise will certainly come true." (19:60-61). "And I am Forgiving towards him who repents, believes, acts righteously, and then remains guided." (20:82). God never accepts the repentance of those sinners who try in vain to repent in the moment of dying and those who addicted to sin all their lives until their moment of dying: "But repentance is not available for those who commit evils, until when death approaches one of them, he says, "Now I repent," nor for those who die as disbelievers. These-We have prepared for them a painful torment." (4:18). "Indeed, whoever commits misdeeds, and becomes besieged by his iniquities-these are the inmates of the Fire, wherein they will dwell forever." (2:81).

3- Arab conquests companions never repented in public and never returned what was due to their rightful owners. They never aimed to free nations from tyranny and oppression of rulers: they never returned to Arabia after militarily defeating such oppressors and rulers. Indeed, those Arab conquests companions had murdered and killed hundreds of thousands of innocent peaceful people and enslaved their girls and boys and looted their possessions and lands as per tyranny of Middle-Ages logic dominant at the time, and they imposed heavy tributes and taxes and made natives as slaves working for free in their own lands. Later on, Arabs of such looting invasions quarreled over the ill-gotten money and wealth, and thus engaged in civil wars. This indicates that they never repented as per historical accounts about them in the authoritative books acknowledged by the Sunnite traditions and scholars.

Fifthly: How God in the Quran Predicts that Arab Conquests Leaders Will Not Repent:

1- Polytheists who are disbelievers in terms of aggressive behavior and non-peaceful demeanor might hopefully repent and stop aggression, and God promises them to accept their sincere repentance: "Say to those who disbelieve: if they desist, their past will be forgiven…" (8:38), and the same chance is given to hypocrites if they will sincerely repent: "The hypocrites will be in the lowest level of the Fire, and you will find no helper for them. Except those who repent, and reform, and hold fast to God, and dedicate their religion to God alone. These are with the believers; and God will give the believers a great reward." (4:145-146).

2- The only type of hypocrites who will suffer in Hell is the type that did not repent before death and they never announced their repentance and confessed to Muhammad as done by others like them: " Among the Desert-Arabs around you there are some hypocrites, and among the inhabitants of Medina too. They have become adamant in hypocrisy. You do not know them, but We know them. We will punish them twice; then they will be returned to a severe torment. Others have confessed their sins, having mixed good deeds with bad deeds. Perhaps God will redeem them. God is Forgiving and Merciful." (9:101-102).

3- Some leaders among Arab conquests companions, in our opinion, belong to this type of non-forgiven hypocrites who never repented, mentioned in 9:101, as they were addicted to hypocrisy and managed to deceive Muhammad who never knew them, especially among hypocritical immigrants to Yathreb, among its dwellers who lived long enough to become among its people after leaving Mecca. Muhammad never knew their ulterior motives, as per 9:101, because he, like any mortal, could not read hearts and minds of others around him, and their being experts in hypocrisy never betrayed a word or dropped a gesture or acts to show their true colors as enemies of Islam, unlike frank hypocrites whose deeds and words exposed them. That is why God mentions this former type and tells us they will die as infidels who will be tormented twice in this life before eternally tormented in Hell, as per 9:101. Why would they suffer torment in this life twice? Because of their crimes after Muhammad's death against Islam; they dominated the political scene once Muhammad died and seized the chance to commit their atrocities with no divine revelation to expose them. This means that they will not repent rather, they will commit their crimes under the name of Islam, leading many believers among the Arabs.